Printer troubleshooting problem and solution

Index

1) laser printer block diagram

2) working of laser printer

3) troubleshooting of laser printer

4) troubleshooting problems and solution of   laser printer

5)Tools required for troubleshooting

6) types of printer

Acknowledgement
* The book is published by the help of other books and personal experience as a technician of printer the book for for the technician of o printer troubleshooting and also for those who are interested in this topic

* The books help you to solve the problems of printer  LaserJet and also others

Personal comment' s
If you like to troubleshoot any electronic gadget you should practice like soldering wire changing capacitor inductors another components

When you solve any troubleshooting problem please keep this things in mind

1) be careful from wear and tear by your mistake
2) try different method to identify the problem
3) check the components by the multimeter carefully
4) if you find the faulty component please remove and also check again because sometime when we tested the component on board the behave like faulty but when we e remove from board then check it  is not faulty
5) if you have no idea what is the problem Keep checking all the components and other things then again if not find then take a rest and again work on it
6) use the proper tool for troubleshooting for repairing of the gadget
7) keep your mind fresh and without stress for solving the problems
8) always try to solve from different ways when one way is not working because one problem have numbers of solution
9) if you solve any problem keep better and better solution for long life
10) you should know about all the knowledge related to to the device that make easy to solve the problem

Laser printers

A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a non-impact (keys don't strike the paper), photocopier technology. When a document is sent to the printer, a laser beam "draws" the document on a selenium-coated drum using electrical charges.
       

                       Block diagram

                   


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Laser Printer parts

The following are the main parts of a laser printer:
*Drum

*High-voltage power supply

*DC power supply

*Paper transport

*Primary Corona &*Transfer Corona

*Fusing roller

*Controller

Laser printers.  Working
Have you ever tried writing with a beam of light? Sounds impossible, doesn't it, but it's exactly what a laser printer does when it makes a permanent copy of data (information) from your computer on a piece of paper. Thanks to sci-fi and spy movies, we tend to think of lasers as incredibly powerful light beams that can slice through chunks of metal or blast enemy spaceships into smithereens. But tiny lasers are useful too in a much more humdrum way: they read sounds and video clips off the discs in CD and DVD players and they're vital parts of most office computers printers. All set? Okay, let's take a closer look at how laser printers work!

Photo: A compact laser printer doesn't look that different to an inkjet printer, but it puts ink on the page in a completely different way. An inkjet printer uses heat to squirt drops of wet ink from hot, syringe-like tubes, while a laser printer uses static electricity to transfer a dry ink powder called toner.
Laser printers are similar to photocopiers
A purple balloon stuck to a blue and white striped pullover by static electricity.
Photo: Ink sticks to a laser printer's drum the way this balloon sticks to my pullover: using static electricity.
Laser printers are a lot like photocopiers and use the same basic technology. Indeed, as we describe later in this article, the first laser printers were actually built from modified photocopiers. In a photocopier, a bright light is used to make an exact copy of a printed page. The light reflects off the page onto a light-sensitive drum; static electricity (the effect that makes a balloon stick to your clothes if you rub it a few times) makes ink particles stick to the drum; and the ink is then transferred to paper and "fused" to its surface by hot rollers. A laser printer works in almost exactly the same way, with one important difference: because there is no original page to copy, the laser has to write it out from scratch.
How a laser printer works
When you print something, your computer sends a vast stream of electronic data (typically a few megabytes or million characters) to your laser printer. An electronic circuit in the printer figures out what all this data means and what it needs to look like on the page. It makes a laser beam scan back and forth across a drum inside the printer, building up a pattern of static electricity. The static electricity attracts onto the page a kind of powdered ink called toner. Finally, as in a photocopier, a fuser unit bonds the toner to the paper.
Detailed artwork showing how a laser printer works
Millions of bytes (characters) of data stream into the printer from your computer.
An electronic circuit in the printer (effectively, a small computer in its own right) figures out how to print this data so it looks correct on the page.
The electronic circuit activates the corona wire. This is a high-voltage wire that gives a static electric charge to anything nearby.
The corona wire charges up the photoreceptor drum so the drum gains a positive charge spread uniformly across its surface.
At the same time, the circuit activates the laser to make it draw the image of the page onto the drum. The laser beam doesn't actually move: it bounces off a moving mirror that scans it over the drum. Where the laser beam hits the drum, it erases the positive charge that was there and creates an area of negative charge instead. Gradually, an image of the entire page builds up on the drum: where the page should be white, there are areas with a positive charge; where the page should be black, there are areas of negative charge.
An ink roller touching the photoreceptor drum coats it with tiny particles of powdered ink (toner). The toner has been given a positive electrical charge, so it sticks to the parts of the photoreceptor drum that have a negative charge (remember that opposite electrical charges attract in the same way that opposite poles of a magnet attract). No ink is attracted to the parts of the drum that have a positive charge. An inked image of the page builds up on the drum.
A sheet of paper from a hopper on the other side of the printer feeds up toward the drum. As it moves along, the paper is given a strong positive electrical charge by another corona wire.
When the paper moves near the drum, its positive charge attracts the negatively charged toner particles away from the drum. The image is transferred from the drum onto the paper but, for the moment, the toner particles are just resting lightly on the paper's surface.
The inked paper passes through two hot rollers (the fuser unit). The heat and pressure from the rollers fuse the toner particles permanently into the fibers of the paper.
The printout emerges from the side of the copier. Thanks to the fuser unit, the paper is still warm. It's literally hot off the press!
Who invented laser printers?
Until the early 1980s, hardly anyone had a personal or office computer; the few people who did made "hardcopies" (printouts) with dot-matrix printers. These relatively slow machines made a characteristically horrible screeching noise because they used a grid of tiny metal needles, pressed against an inked ribbon, to form the shapes of letters, numbers, and symbols on the page. They printed each character individually, line by line, at a typical speed of about 80 characters (one line of text) per second, so a page would take about a minute to print. Although that sounds slow compared to modern laser printers, it was a lot faster than most people could bash out letters and reports with an old-style typewriter (the mechanical or electric keyboard-operated printing machines that were used in offices for writing letters before affordable computers made them obsolete). You still occasionally see bills and address labels printed by dot-matrix; you can always tell because the print is relatively crude and made up of very visible dots. In the mid-1980s, as computers became more popular with small businesses, people wanted machines that could produce letters and reports as quickly as dot-matrix printers but with the same kind of print quality they could get from old-fashioned typewriters. The door was open for laser printers!
Fortunately, laser-printing technology was already on the way. The first laser printers had been developed in the late 1960s by Gary Starkweather of Xerox, who based his work on the photocopiers that had made Xerox such a successful corporation. By the mid-1970s, Xerox was producing a commercial laser printer—a modified photocopier with images drawn by a laser—called the Dover, which could knock off about 60 pages a minute (one per second) and sold for the stupendous sum of $300,000. By the late 1970s, big computer companies, including IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Canon, were competing to develop affordable laser printers, though the machines they came up with were roughly 2–3 times bigger than modern ones—about the same size as very large photocopiers.
Two machines were responsible for making laser printers into mass-market items. One was the LaserJet, released by Hewlett-Packard (HP) in 1984 at a relatively affordable $3495. The other, Apple's LaserWriter, originally cost almost twice as much ($6995) when it was launched the following year to accompany the Apple Macintosh computer. Even so, it had a huge impact: the Macintosh was very easy to use and, with relatively inexpensive desktop-publishing software and a laser printer, it meant almost anyone could turn out books, magazines, and anything and everything else you could print onto paper. Xerox might have developed the technology, but it was HP and Apple who sold it to the world!
The first laser printer
Dipping into the archives of the US Patent and Trademark Office, I've found one of Gary Starkweather's original laser-printer designs, patented on June 7, 1977. To make it easier to follow, I've colored it in and annotated it more simply than the technical drawing in the original patent (if you wish, you can find the full details filed under US Patent 4027961: Copier/Raster Scan Apparatus).
What we have is essentially a laser scanning unit (colored blue) sitting on top of a fairly conventional, large office photocopier (colored red). In Starkweather's design, the laser scanner slides on and off the glass window of the photocopier (the place where you would normally put your documents, face down), so the same machine can be used as either a laser printer or a copier—anticipating all-in-one office machines by about 20–25 years.
Patent drawing from Gary Starkweather's original Xerox laser printer design, US patent #4027961, June 7, 197
How does it work?
The laser scanner creates the image.
The image is beamed through the glass copier window into the copier mechanism underneath.
The image is reflected by a mirror.
A lens focuses the image.
A second mirror reflects the image again.
The image is transferred onto the photocopier belt.
A developer unit converts the image into printable form.
The printable image is transferred to the paper.
The fuser permanently seals the image onto the page, which emerges into the collecting rack at top of the machine.
Are laser printers bad for you?
I used to share an office with someone who refused to share our office with a laser printer; we had to move our machine into a closet and keep the door shut tight. This kind of worry is far from rare, but is it simply superstition? As we saw up above, laser printers use a type of solid ink called toner, which can be a source of dusty, fine particulates (remember that sooty particulates, released by such things as car tailpipes, are one of the more worrying ingredients in urban air pollution). Does this present any risk to our health? A few scientific studies have been done; although the results are mixed, they do seem to suggest it's worth taking precautions, such as placing your printer well away from your workstation, if you use it a great deal, and ensuring good ventilation. You'll find a list of recent studies in the further
Epic take-apart: HP Color LaserJet 2600n: Evil Mad Scientist Labs presents loads of great photos of a laser printer being systematically dismantled! Be sure to check out the rest of this site.
Inkjet or laser printing: which is more cost-effective? by David Robinson, The Guardian, March 30, 2013. Can you save money by switching from an inkjet to a laser? According to this article, yes, if you print in relatively high volume (more than 2000 black and white pages per year).
Laser 'unprinter' wipes photocopied ink from paper: BBC News, March 15, 2012. How a new, experimental "printer" uses short pulses of laser light to erase ink from paper.
Creation myth by Malcolm Gladwell. The New Yorker, May 16, 2011. The story of Gary Starkweather's laser printer invention and the corporate inertia he had to overcome.
The Allure of Laser Printers by By Peter H. Lewis. The New York Times, November 20, 1984. This old article from the Times archive describes the arrival of affordable laser printers in 1984.
The Underground Guide to Laser Printers by Flash Magazine. Peachpit Press, 1993. A practical guide to the nitty-gritty of making printers work. Old but useful, and still easy to find on secondhand book sites.
 laser printer problems and troubleshooting
Laser printers and health
Here's a selection of recent papers listed on Pubmed:Fine and ultrafine particles emitted from laser printers as indoor air contaminants in German offices (2012) by T. Tang et al from the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, concluded: "... laser printers and photocopiers could be a relevant source of fine particles and particularly UFP [ultrafine particulates] in office rooms."
Health effects of laser printer emissions: a controlled exposure study (2017) by S. Karrasch et al from University Hospital of Munich, found: "no statistically significant changes occurred for lung mechanics" and "responses to short but very high-level [laser printing devices] exposures were small and did not indicate clinically relevant effects
Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs (2017) by S. Pirela et al from Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, noted that "respiratory, immunological, cardiovascular, and other disorders may be developed following such exposures" but warned that "further... studies must be done to fully understand the mechanism of action..."
Evaluation of Nanoparticles Emitted from Printers... Health Risks of Indoor Air Quality (2015) by X. Shi et al discovered that "... printers indeed release particulates... at a high concentration level in the indoor environment. Special care should be taken... and effective controls of particle emission at printing processes are necessary."
Solve printing problems with the Windows printer troubleshooter
When dealing with printing issues, your first stop should be the printer troubleshooting tool that’s built into Windows. It’s handy for connection and communication problems.
Use the printer troubleshooter
The Windows printer troubleshooter can be a great help for any issues that are ‘non-physical’. It won’t help with paper jams or leaking ink, but it can solve problems with communication between your printer and computer.
Click Start then type troubleshoot and click the Troubleshooting link that appears. In the window that opens, click View all then scroll down to Printer.
In the next window, click Advanced, then Run as administrator. Click Next, then select the printer that you want to troubleshoot, then click Next again. The tool will attempt to detect and fix problems automatically. If your printer isn’t shown in the troubleshooter’s list of connected printers, make sure that it’s connected and switched on, then try again.
If it still doesn’t appear or if the troubleshooter can’t find any issues, you may need to update or reinstall the printer’s driver
Solve Print Job errors
Printer software 'queues' your print jobs, and if one job fails, this can prevent others from being printed. Check to see if there’s a document holding up the print queue.
1. Click the Start button and click Control Panel then Devices and printers. Double-click your printer.
2. Look at the Status column to see if a print job has failed.
3. Right-click the failed print job and select Cancel from the pop-up menu.
4. Click Yes when asked to confirm. This will delete the job and get the queue moving again.



Laser Printer Troubleshooting (problem and solution)

* Blank pages. The sealing tape or tab may not have been removed from your toner cartridge. ...
The sealing tape or tab may not have been removed from your toner cartridge.
Solution: Remove the sealing tape or tab and re-install the cartridge.
Your toner cartridge could be empty.
Solution: Replace the toner cartridge.

* Black pages. Your toner cartridge could be installed improperly. ...
Your toner cartridge could be installed improperly.
Solution: Reinstall the toner cartridge. If it still doesn't work, replace the cartridge.

* Thin, dark, vertical black lines. ...
Your toner cartridge could be empty or defective.
Solution: Check the cartridge and replace if necessary.
Skewed image/ jamming. ...
The paper may be loaded incorrectly.
Solution: Reload the paper, checking the paper guides and make sure your paper is loaded under the corner tabs in the paper tray.

* Faulty registration/ jamming. ...
Your paper could be too light or heavy.
Solution: Check the paper weight specifications for your printer, then load paper stock with the correct specifications.
The paper could be loaded incorrectly, or the paper guides could be out of alignment.
Solution: Reload the paper and check the paper guides.
The leading edge of the paper could be curled.
Solution: Reload paper that doesn't have curled edges.
The paper tray could be overloaded.
Solution: Reload the paper, leaving the tray 1/4" empty from the top.

* Light or faded print. ...
Your paper could be too light or heavy.
Solution: Check the paper weight specifications for your printer, then load paper stock with the correct specifications.
Your toner cartridge could be empty or low.
Solution: Replace the toner cartridge.
Printer could be in TONER SAVE mode.
Solution: Check your settings.

* Horizontal lines or repetitive defect. ...
The toner cartridge could be not seated properly or defective.
: Reinstall the toner cartridge; if that doesn't work, install a new toner cartridge.

* Background scatter.
Your paper could be too light or heavy.
Solution: Check the paper weight specifications for your printer, then load paper stock with the correct specifications.
The paper could be wet.
Solution: Change the paper.
The inside of the printer could be dirty.
Solution: Arrange to have your printer cleaned.

* Dirt on the back of the page
The inside of the printer could be dirty.
Solution: Arrange to have your printer cleaned.
Toner might have leaked from the toner cartridge.
Solution: Carefully replace the toner cartridge with a new one.

* Thin, vertical white lines or stripes
The printer could be dirty.
Solution: Arrange to have your printer cleaned.
The toner cartridge may be nearly empty.
Solution: Replace the toner cartridge.

* Compressed or garbled print
The print fonts on your document may be incompatible with the printer.
Solution: Change fonts or simplify your layout.
Possible network problem
Solution: If your printer is networked, contact your IT Dept.

* Blank portions on page
The page layout may be too complex.
Solution: Simplify the layout, or set Page Protect to ON or AUTO.
You may be printing on legal size paper when the printer software specifies letter size.
Solution: Check the settings on your software driver.
Your cartridge may be low on toner.
Solution: Replace the toner cartridge.
The printer may not have enough memory.
Solution: Simplify the layout, or get a memory upgrade.

Tools required to troubleshoot
There are certain tools that most printer users possess. These vital pieces of equipment ensure that your prints run smoothly, and that you get the best results possible. You don’t necessarily need to invest in them all at once; but over time, it’s likely you’ll end up adding them all to your tool collection.


Glue stick
Build plate adhesion is an important part of creating great  prints. Glue sticks come in particularly handy when you’re trying to get your print to stick – simply cover your print bed with soluble glue, and the adhesion will improve immediately. Some people favor hair spray, but we’d personally recommend glue, as you can be more precise with the application, plus there’s less risk of accidentally spraying the gantry or moving parts.

Spatula or palette knife
On occasion, you might find that your  print has stuck a bit too well to your build plate. When this happens, a spatula or palette knife normally solves the problem. All you’ll need to do is ease it gently under the print and carefully lift it up.

Over time, you’ll probably get a collection of different palette knives. To start with, we’d recommend getting a palette knife that’s stiff, and one that’s flexible. Titan’s stainless steel scrapers have a tapered tip, which we find works particularly well.

Deburring tool / knife and cutting mat
A deburring tool is great for cleaning up modeled holes, and for removing small pieces of plastic from your printed parts, especially brim. You’ll also need knives to tidy up your prints, as they seldom turn out completely perfect. A deft flick of the knife can remove unsightly plastic blobs or filament strings, making the end result look smoother and cleaner. We recommend investing in a knife with exchangeable blades (such as an X-Acto knife), and a cutting mat too.

 printer owner's toolkit
Pliers
Pliers have a variety of uses, from print core maintenance to fixing your  printer. Look for a good quality pair of pliers with a rubberized, slip-resistant grip. You’re likely to need more than one type – we’d recommend needle nose and wire-cutting pliers (which are particularly useful for snipping away support material or trimming filament).

Blue tape
Masking tape is one of the most basic tools you’re likely to own, and also one of the most widely used. Adding masking tape to the print bed is a simple, effective way to help your printed object adhere to the print bed. It also makes removing the finished print far easier, and it protects your print bed from scratches.

Make sure you choose masking tape with a width of at least 50mm (2 inches). When the tape’s wide, it means you’ll need fewer strips to cover your print bed – something you’ll be grateful for if you need to resurface your print bed on a regular basis!

Magnalube and Unilube
Sometimes, you’ll need to lubricate the X and Y axles, just to ensure they keep running smoothly. The best lubricant to use is Unilube, and all it takes is a single drop to resolve any issues with dryness. For the Z trapezoidal leadscrew, use Magnalube.

It’s important not to use WD40, as this affects the axle coating and can cause damage to your printer. Read more about it here.

Essential tools for  printer owners
Digital caliper
A digital caliper has many applications in  printing. It’s useful for checking the precision of your prints, and you can also use it to dimension parts to replicate in CAD software. Calipers are also handy for checking filament measurements – as filaments aren’t often manufactured to exact measurements. Simply measure it at a few different positions, average the readings, then adjust the filament diameter in your slicing software if necessary.

Analogue calipers work too, but don’t offer the same precision.

Tweezers
Tweezers are useful to have to hand whenever you’re printing. They’re great for plucking oozing filament from the extruder nozzle before it starts printing (which means no more burnt fingers). They’re also handy for cleaning up your print afterwards. We’d recommend purchasing a set of tweezers in various shapes and sizes, to ensure you’re covered for every eventuality.


Sandpaper
It’s a good idea to have a selection of sandpaper in a variety of different grits. These will all prove useful when you’re post-processing your prints. Our recommendation? Have a selection from coarse (220 grit) to fine (1000 grit), and invest in well-known brands such as 3M, as they’re likely to last you longer than cheaper, inferior types.

Screwdrivers / hex key screwdrivers
Most people already own a good selection of screwdrivers and hex keys. If you don’t, it’s worthwhile getting some, as you’ll periodically need to re-tighten the gantry screws and the stepper motors of your printer. Hex nuts and bolts are widely used in  printer assembly, so it’s also a wise idea to have a set of hex key screwdrivers and wrenches.

Adhesion sheets
Adhesion sheets are compatible with most materials, and boost adhesion to the build plate. They’re a good replacement for a glue stick, as they’re easy to remove and can be used multiple times. Another advantage is that they’ve been specially developed to cope with high


Must have tools for printer users
Desiccant and re-sealable bags
printer filament absorbs water over time. This causes degradation, that eventually leads to complications during printing. To avoid water absorption, simply store your filament in a sealed container or plastic bag, and add some desiccant to ensure all moisture is removed from the environment. Silica gel works perfectly. Here are some more storage recommendations to help you.

Permanent marker
Permanent markers (such as Sharpies) are useful for marking  prints, especially when you’re running multiple prints of the same model, but with different slicer settings. Simply note down the sequence and settings for each print on the finished objects, and you’ll be able to tell them apart later on.

Advanced 3D Printing Kit
The Advanced  Printing Kit for Ultimaker 2+ contains two 0.4mm nozzles, two TFM couplers, 25 adhesion sheets and a door. These keep your  printer running smoothly for longer. The nozzles and TFM couplers are convenient replacements, the adhesion sheets are great for keeping your models in position, and the door keeps warmth inside the printer, which prevents certain materials from warping and delaminating. Find out more here.

Must have tools for  printer owners
Other useful tools
The following tools might not be as essential as the list above, but they’re certainly useful to have around. Obviously, it depends on what you’ll be using your  printer for, as some are more suited to particular jobs than others.

Flashlight. If your  printer already has integrated lighting, you won’t need this. Otherwise, it’s a useful tool to have, even in well-lit areas. The inside of an enclosed  printer can be dark, which makes it different to judge print quality on detailed models. A compact LED light works perfectly.

Paper towels. Paper towels are always useful for cleaning and drying your build plate, and best of all, they’re cheap too!

Pencils and paper. You’ll inevitably need to jot down dimensions and make sketches while printing, so it’s a good idea to have paper and pencils to hand at all times.

Wire cutter. Wire cutters are excellent for removing support and creating a cleaner, neater finish.

Dremel. A Dremel is a handheld, high-speed rotary tool, which features a range of accessories. These accessories let you undertake a variety of applications, including cutting, sanding, carving and grinding. When you’re 3D printing, it can be used to remove support material, sand down rough edges, or polish 3D prints made from metal-containing filaments.

Extra filament. It’s always useful to have an additional filament spool to hand. A spool lasts a while, but won’t keep you printing forever! Also, it’s nice to have a variety to choose from, depending on your requirements.

Extra glass plate. If you are printing 24/7, having a spare glass plate could really speed up your workflow. It allows you to quickly swap glass plates when starting a new print, instead of having to wait until the build plate has cooled down to remove the print.

Dissolving kit (bucket of water and pump). You’ll need to be able to remove your water-soluble PVA after printing – and a bucket of water does the job nicely! A pump ensures PVA supports dissolve faster.